On the territory of Russia, there are many regions with large forests, in which rich harvests of mushrooms are collected, and one of them is the Yaroslavl Region. Mushrooms of the Yaroslavl region in 2019 began to appear in January due to natural anomalies.
Mushrooms of the Yaroslavl region in 2019
General characteristics
Mushrooms can supplement the diet and saturate the body with useful trace elements and vitamins.
According to the degree of edibility, they are divided into several categories:
- Category 1: edible;
- Category 2: conditionally edible;
- Category 3: inedible;
- Category 4: poisonous.
In addition to dividing mushrooms into categories according to edibility, since the times of the USSR, the division of mushrooms into categories according to taste has been used in cooking:
1 flavor category: the most nutritious and delicious mushrooms are included here. For example, russula and champignons are often consumed without heat treatment. Whites and milk mushrooms are also good in any form - they are aromatic, easy to peel and prepare.
2 flavor category: it is represented by good edible mushrooms, which are very slightly inferior to the representatives of the 1st category in quality and taste. It includes Polish, boletus and mushrooms. They include side dishes, main courses and aperitifs.
3 flavor category: mushrooms are characterized by average taste data, they are collected only if nothing else can be found. Flywheels, honey agarics and morels have an average aroma and taste. Pates are made from them, they are added to hot salads.
4 flavor category: these are conditionally edible mushrooms of poor quality. They need to be pre-soaked and boiled, and cook for a long time. Aromatic spices are used in salting to enhance the taste.
However, the division into these strict food categories is now being phased out and the nutritional value for each mushroom is indicated. Therefore, one and the same mushroom can be “listed” in completely different categories. A striking example of such "food vagrancy" can be considered a champignon, which used to belong to the 3rd category, and now to the 2nd or even 1st, which is determined by its popularity in cooking.
Edible species by seasons
Many types of mushrooms of Yaroslavl are used for the manufacture of medicines, but they are mainly used in cooking, depending on the season in which they bear fruit. Locals pick mushrooms from early spring to late autumn.
Spring
Morels and lines with unusual caps appear the very first on old leaves. Morels grow more often near paths, closer to clearings, while lines grow in pine forests on sandstone. They are found near old stumps, where spring warmth is well preserved.
Irina Selyutina (Biologist):
The morel cap belongs to the Morsheoll family (Morels) and is a representative of the Verpa genus, or Cap. The mushroom got its name due to the similarity with real morels, as well as the way the cap is located on the leg. The cap is found on the territory of the Yaroslavl region only in the Pereslavsky and Rostov regions. Its leg is smooth, curved, often flattened from the sides, can reach a length of 6-10 cm and a thickness of 1.5-2.5 cm. Its color is cream or white. The surface is covered with small scales of the same color as the leg itself. In young specimens, the leg is whole, but as the fungus grows, it becomes hollow. The cap is bell-shaped, vertically folded. Its color changes as the fungus grows. In young specimens, it is almost chocolate, but in mature ones it is ocher-yellow. It is located on the leg freely, connecting with it only at the base (at the top point). The height of the cap-cap is about 2-5 cm, and about 2-4 cm in diameter. The pulp is waxy in appearance. Like the morels, the morel cap can be boiled and fried.
For its development, the mushroom prefers deciduous, especially aspen forests, where in some places it can be found very abundantly.
Champignons are often found in late spring. The region has seen a steady increase in raincoats. Their fruiting begins in the spring, after precipitation.
Summer
With the appearance of strawberries, in June, and with the beginning of flowering viburnum appear:
- boletus;
- loading;
- boletus;
- flywheels.
On the territory of the region, green mushrooms are often collected, which belong to the 2nd category. Novice mushroom pickers may confuse this flywheel with a pepper mushroom. You can distinguish a double from a real edible mushroom by the yellowish-red hymenophore and the pungent-bitter taste of the pulp.
Russula prefer to grow in open meadows, it will not be difficult to find them.
July in the Yaroslavl region usually passes without rain. Dry weather does not favor the growth of myceliums, so it is better to postpone the search for boletus, boletus and boletus until more humid weather.
In August, the scorching heat leaves, fogs become more frequent at night and dew permeates the earth more strongly. Many boletus, Poles (Polish mushrooms), saffron milk caps and summer mushrooms appear in the forest, which attract mushroom pickers.
Autumn
It is recommended to pick mushrooms immediately after rains.
After September 8, the autumn harvest begins. During this period, in the Yaroslavl region. usually collect:
- multi-colored milk mushrooms;
- white;
- boletus;
- waves;
- russula;
- whites;
- aspen mushrooms;
- boletus, etc.
Honey agaric families are found at every step, in one place a full basket is typed. Honey mushrooms prefer to grow on mossy stumps, fallen tree trunks or in places of fire.
Irina Selyutina (Biologist):
Autumn mushroom is often confused with sulfur-yellow and brick-red mushrooms. To distinguish them helps the "saving" ring on the leg of an edible mushroom. It is about these experiences that the quatrain for children is written, which makes it possible to understand the most important difference between real and false mushrooms:
Edible mushroom
There is a film ring on the leg.
And all false agarics
Legs are bare to the toes.
During the day, the mushrooms grow in size by 2 cm, reaching their average size in 5-7 days. But the life of these organisms is not long. Honey mushrooms and chanterelles live only 10 days, white and boletus mushrooms - up to 14 days, and only champignons - more than a month. With the maturation of the spores, they turn black and begin to rot - such fruit bodies are unsuitable for harvesting. Therefore, it is better to collect them immediately after the rains, while there are many young individuals.
In the Yaroslavl region, mass harvesting continues as long as the air temperature is kept at a level of up to + 4 ... + 5 ° C.
Winter
Chanterelles, unusual for this time of year, have been added to the usual winter varieties. Autumn species continued to grow. Toadstools and false mushrooms do not grow in winter, so the mushroom harvest becomes completely safe. Winter mushrooms include:
- winter mushrooms;
- scaly and sulfur-yellow tinder fungus;
- umbrellas;
- seroplate edible false froth.
Winter mushrooms are popularly called moths or snowy winters, they grow in December-January in deciduous forests. They are most commonly found on oak, linden or elm trees. They are sometimes found in city parks or gardens. The fireman has no poisonous counterparts, so it is safe to collect it. It is clearly visible in the winter forest because of its bright yellow hat, and it is almost impossible to confuse it with another species at this time of year. Winter mushrooms have a pleasant taste, but before the main cooking, they must be rinsed and soaked in water for several hours, then boiled for 30 minutes and then cooked according to the basic recipe.
Collection points
The map of mushroom places of the Yaroslavl region clearly shows where the largest number of mushrooms is located.
Near Tunoshna there are many meadows with early spring morels, which perfectly diversify the spring menu for people tired of winter.
Danilovsky district is rich in boletus and boletus, boletus and mushrooms. In the village of Novoselka in 2019 it will be possible to find many porcini mushrooms.
Mushrooms of Yaroslavl. The warmth of mid-October 2018. Ep 008.
For mushrooms. 70 km north of Yaroslavl. October 19, 2018 Ep. 009.
First Mushrooms and Berries in July | Chanterelles Blueberries Strawberries
Tutaevskoe direction is famous for its chanterelles, saffron milk caps and boletus, boletus and redheads that grow along the edges of the forest belt. They make delicious soups and pickles.
There are good mushroom spots outside the village of Gorodishche in the Yaroslavl region, there are many porcini mushrooms. Full baskets of russula are gathered along the Kostroma highway. However, it is worth remembering that you need to pick mushrooms at a distance of at least 500 m from the roadway.
Experienced mushroom pickers advise to go in search of "forest meat" not earlier than 2-4 days after the rain, because during this period, mushrooms grow best. If you come earlier, you can only go through the day in vain, and come later means to be left without a catch. After all, insects are also waiting for when it will be possible to snatch their piece of forest wealth.
Conclusion
Yaroslavl and the entire region is an ideal place for picking mushrooms at any time of the year, which is a rarity for other Russian regions. Many species are included in the Red Book, so it is important to follow certain rules when going into the forest.