Black pea is an unusual and unusual vegetable for our latitudes. It belongs to legumes, it is used in cooking, traditional medicine, for livestock feed. A distinctive feature is the seed part of black color. The variety is actively grown in Eastern countries, but is popular throughout the world.
Black peas used in medicine and cosmetology
Black pea flowers self-pollinating
Black peas
Features of Black Peas
Black pea has a powerful root system with branched developed rhizomes. This is an annual plant with bisexual self-pollinating flowers, a hollow stem of a green hue and antennae that cling to the fence. Under extremely hot climatic conditions, pollination occurs cross-type.
Dried peas are characterized by high calorie content - 364 kcal per 100 g of product. After boiling, calorie content decreases to 127 kcal.
Appearance
Black peas are distinguished by a bare stem, the length of which is a maximum of one and a half meters. Recognize the variety by the following external characteristics:
- depending on the variety, the flowers have different shades - white, dark purple, red;
- flower length - 1-3 cm;
- perianth - five-membered double;
- inside the flower there are 10 stamens and a pistil;
- fruits - a saturated dark shade;
- pod size - from 8 to 12 cm;
- the number of beans - 5-10 pieces of a cylindrical or round shape;
- taste and aroma - pronounced with spicy notes.
The favorite place for the growth of black peas in the wild is hills, meadows, forests.
Pros and cons
Black peas, like regular green, have a lot of the benefits:
- used in cooking for preparing many dishes - soups, cereals, pies, casseroles, etc .;
- It is used in traditional medicine and cosmetology;
- contains a lot of useful substances, therefore it has healing properties;
- a variety of ways of consumption - fresh, boiled, fried, sprouted;
- low cost of the product;
- ease of care and nurturing;
- the uniqueness of the shade is black.
Among the shortcomings, a number of contraindications are noted. You can not eat black peas for people with intestinal disorders, since the vegetable contributes to bloating and increased gas formation.
Composition and properties
The high level of nutritional value of black peas is equivalent to meat products, especially for chickpeas. The bean vegetable contains a large number of such substances:
- vitamins - group B, A, PP, C;
- it contains micro and macro elements - zinc, iodine, magnesium, iron, sulfur, potassium, manganese, chromium, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel, etc .;
- easily digestible proteins;
- amino acids;
- antioxidants;
- starch;
- carbohydrates;
- alimentary fiber;
- cellulose;
- saturated fatty acids;
- pyridoxine;
- lysine.
Due to its rich composition, black peas have the following properties:
- improvement of brain activity;
- increased performance;
- normalization of the digestive system;
- regeneration of damaged tissues and cells;
- cleansing the body of carcinogenic and other harmful substances;
- maintaining the cardiovascular system in working condition;
- metabolic acceleration;
- strengthening immunity;
- elimination of bad cholesterol;
- improving the structure of the skin;
- saturation with energy;
- stool normalization;
- visual acuity improvement;
- increased hemoglobin;
- suppression of appetite due to the long-term preservation of a feeling of satiety;
- restoration of normal levels of glucose and insulin in the blood;
- improved sperm quality.
Iron and folates contained in black peas can alleviate the condition of anemia (saturate the body with hemoglobin). Therefore, the vegetable is recommended for women during pregnancy and with heavy menstrual bleeding.
Black pea varieties
Black pea is divided into two subspeciesbased on the shape and structure of the grains:
- Smooth black peas characterized by flatness of the surface - without wrinkling. In the same state, the peas remain after drying. The main advantage is the high content of starch.
- Brain pea black color is characterized by wrinkling and increased sweetness, but a minimal amount of starch. Fresh beans have a smooth surface, but after drying it wrinkles.
Varieties:
- The most common variety of black peas is considered mutton chickpeas, whose homeland is Central Asia.
- The blue pod is distinguished by blue-violet pods and dark brown grains after full maturation.
- The state farm variety also has dark brown beans.
How to grow black peas?
Black peas begin to bloom 1-1.5 months after sowing the seed. Pitting is formed in the sinuses of leaf blades at the level of 6 leaflets.
Sow seeds after stabilization of air and soil temperature. In central Russia, this is the end of April. They plant crops throughout the summer, but the last planting should occur in early July.
Black peas can enrich the soil with nitrogen. This is due to the fact that beneficial microorganisms develop on the rhizome, which absorb and fix nitrogen from the air.
Preparation for landing
Peas are not considered too demanding crops, but adhere to agricultural requirements. Landing is carried out in stages. Black peas can be sown in dry form, but experts recommend a few manipulations:
- Go through the grains manually, discarding damaged elements. The plant does not grow from such seeds.
- To increase the plant's resistance to diseases and pests, it is recommended to warm up. To do this, dilute boric acid in hot water (40 degrees) (1 g of substance per 5 l of water). Leave the beans for 5 minutes, remove and dry.
- Be sure to soak the beans in warm water for 12-15 hours to speed up the biting process. Thanks to this procedure, you will be sure that all the elements will yield a crop. If a small amount of peas is planted, you can get by soaking with a moistened cloth.
Black peas are recommended to be planted after pumpkins, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers. These are the most optimal predecessors. You can not plant bean culture after beans and peas, lentils and peanuts.
Site and soil requirements:
- The place should be well ventilated and be as light as possible. However, peas can also be successfully grown in the shade.
- The roots of the plant do not tolerate excessive moisture, so the groundwater should not be less than 1 m (the roots are quite long).
- The best soil is light with a maximum pH of 7. High soil acidity is unacceptable. In this case, liming is performed to normalize Ph.
Black pea prefers fertile soils, but does not tolerate an excess of nitrogen, so the site is prepared as follows:
- In the fall, carefully dig the earth to the depth of the bayonet of a shovel. This saturates the soil with oxygen, which makes it more loose. To reduce the level of acidity in the fall, lime or wood ash is added. Peas do not like fresh organics, so it is introduced in the fall. For this, rotted manure, chicken droppings, humus are used.
- In the spring, be sure to apply mineral fertilizers: per 1 sq. Km. m 25 g of potassium salt and 55 g of superphosphate are required. You can fertilize with nitrate (per 1 sq. M 10 g). If the soil is too poor, molybdenum, boron, and copper are added separately.
The process and scheme of planting black peas
Requirements:
- the depth of the laying of germinated seeds is from 3 to 4 cm;
- between the grooves should remain 40-50 cm;
- the preferred distance between the grains is 15 cm, but you can make the distance smaller (at least 5 cm).
Planting seeds in open ground:
- Smooth a surface of a site with a rake, breaking thus lumps of the earth.
- Dig grooves up to 7 cm deep, 2-3 cm wide, then pour wood ash mixed in them in equal proportion with compost. Thus, the depth of the grooves is reduced to 4 cm. Note that the depth of laying the beans on heavy soils should be at least 5 cm.
- Moisten the earth, lay out the seeds with the sprouted side up.
- Sprinkle with soil, compact the surface.
- Birds like to peck seed material, so create a protective system for which a non-woven material, a light-permeable film is used. After about a week, the first sprouts form.
Some gardeners between rows with peas sow crops such as sorrel, green lettuce, etc., which saves space in the garden. But gardeners planted black peas near young fruit trees, especially near the apple tree. This allows you to saturate the garden with the necessary nitrogen.
Watering and loosening
For successful cultivation of black peas, immediately after sowing seeds in open ground, watering the culture is carried out every 2 days. It is important to monitor the air temperature - in case of unexpected frost, cover with a film or mulch.
Loosen the soil surface after wetting (watering or rain), but not every time. The first loosening is carried out 15 days after emergence. In the same period, the hilling of seedlings is carried out. Subsequent procedures are performed as necessary - when a dry crust forms on the soil.
Watering Requirements:
- Black peas require an average level of moisture - the soil should not be overdried and wet.
- The amount of water added and the frequency of irrigation depends on climatic and weather conditions, but on average until the flowering period they moisturize the culture once a week.
- During the peduncle and the formation of pods, it is necessary to water the peas once every 3-4 days.
- For 1 square. m requires up to 10 liters of water.
- Water should be settled (if it is collected from the water supply) or rain. The temperature should correspond to the air temperature, so the collected fluid can be stored in the sun.
Top dressing
Since black peas need fertile soil, it is fertilized. For the first time, organic matter is introduced during the growth of green mass (before flowering). Mullein is used in liquid form, nettle infusion. Manure is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10. For 1 square. m enough 3 liters of mullein.
The second time fertilizers are applied after flowering. To do this, 1 tbsp is required per bucket of water l Nitroammofosk drug.
Garter plants
The shoots of a pea plant are quite weak, so they fall to the ground as the fruits form. They can be left in this position, but then inconvenience is created when loosening, hilling, weeding and watering. In addition, the plant will not be enough sunlight.
Garter is carried out when the stem is increased to 15 cm. To do this, use metal or wooden stakes up to 1 m high, which are installed at a distance of half a meter from each other. A wire or rope is stretched over them in several rows. For the proper formation of the bush, the antennae of the plant are guided along the supporting structure.
Topping
The procedure is carried out to increase productivity. The tops of the pea bush are pinched during the growth of the side shoots. Thanks to this, nutrients are evenly distributed throughout the plant, and the formation of new fruitful shoots is accelerated.
Perform the procedure in the morning and sunny weather, which allows the culture to recover faster.
Bird protection
Peas are very fond of birds (especially crows), therefore, when the pods begin to form, it is recommended that the support structure be equipped with a net (fishing can be used). It is pulled around the entire perimeter and always on top.
Pests and diseases
Black peas are subject to certain diseases and insect infestations, so it is important to know what preventive measures and treatment / control methods are used:
- Fusarium - root rot (fungal pathology) - occurs when the roots are waterlogged. It is characterized by the formation of brown spots on the stem and yellowing of the foliage from below. It is useless to treat the disease, since the root system has decayed.
To prevent, monitor the level of moisture in the soil. If the summer is too rainy, be sure to cover the plant with plastic wrap so that there is no direct hit of water under the bushes. - Rust manifested by damage to the foliage and its further death. The color turns brown. They get rid of the disease by treating the bush with Bordeaux liquid (1%).
- Powdery mildew occurs most often. Etiology of origin - fungus. Symptoms - the formation of gray-white, and after brown-black spots on the leaves, stems and pods. As a result, the plant dies. For treatment, colloidal sulfur (1%), fungicidal agents (Quadris, Topaz, Topsin, Skor, Fundazole) are used.
- Ascochitosis - dry spots with dots along the rim are formed. The stems, leaves are affected. To get rid of the disease, it is enough to spray the plant with copper chloroxide (4%).
- Pests - pea moth, leafworm, scoop cabbage or garden, aphids. For the fight, folk remedies are used - tincture from the tops of tomatoes or garlic. For the first recipe, you need 3 kg of tops (finely chopped) and 10 liters of water. Insist 2 days. For garlic tincture, take 20-30 g of garlic in a bucket of water. Insist a day.
Harvesting and storage
Collection Black peas are carried out gradually, since the beans do not ripen at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to pluck the pods every couple of days. The first fruits ripen first. Tear off the pods carefully, but it is better to cut with scissors so as not to damage the stem.
Storage Methods:
- Fresh peas are stored for a maximum of a week in the refrigerator.
- For long-term storage, a freezer is used. Frozen black peas are placed in plastic bags.
- Peas can be dried, for which they are laid out on a well-ventilated surface for several days. You can use the oven. The dry product is stored in bags of natural fabric away from the accumulation of insects. The best option is a sealed glass container.
- Peas are great for canning.
For the long-term preservation of legumes, ripened peas are selected that do not have signs of disease and damage.
Reviews
Natalia Simonova, 29 years old, summer resident. I cultivate black peas relatively recently - a couple of years. To be honest, I thought that there would be difficulties, but no - the method of planting and care is no different from ordinary green peas, but the variety has a very spicy aroma, and you can cook a huge number of dishes from it. Yes, and the color of some is surprising.
Stanislav, 44 years old, Kaluga Region I am a supporter of legumes, so every year I grow different varieties of peas. I especially liked the black peas, which have a specific but pleasant taste. And there are no problems with growing, the main thing is to monitor the level of humidity, because root rot quickly forms on this pea. And then you can’t save the plant. I advise, if this happens, be sure to destroy the affected bushes and disinfect the soil.
Alla Vladimirovna, Moscow. My parents live in my suburbs, so they have been growing black peas for many years. I did not go into the details of the care, but the fact that you can cook a lot of delicious dishes from it is a fact. I make pilaf, salads, soups. Mom makes flour from dried peas, and then sculpts pasta. It turns out very tasty.
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Black peas are unpretentious and not demanding in care.It does not need to create special conditions, it is enough to saturate the soil with nutrients. This is a unique product that replaces meat for vegetarians.
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